Multi-omics data analysis is a cutting-edge approach in biology that involves studying and integrating information from multiple biological “omics” sources. These omics sources include genomics (genes and their variations), transcriptomics (gene expression and RNA data), proteomics (proteins and their interactions), metabolomics (small molecules and metabolites), epigenomics (epigenetic modifications), and more. By analyzing data from various omics levels together, we can gain a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of biological systems and their complexities.
Sign up for my newsletter to not miss a post like this https://divingintogeneticsandgenomics.ck.page/newsletter
In a previous blog post, I showed you how to make a Seurat spatial object from Vizgen spatial transcriptome data. In this post, I am going to show you how to identify clusters of neighborhood or cellular niches where specific cell types tend to co-localize.
read in the data and pre-process library(Seurat) library(here) library(ggplot2) library(dplyr) # the LoadVizgen function requires the raw segmentation files which is too big.
Sign up for my newsletter to not miss a post like this https://divingintogeneticsandgenomics.ck.page/newsletter
Single-cell spatial transcriptome data is a new and advanced technology that combines the study of individual cells’ genes and their location in a tissue to understand the complex cellular and molecular differences within it. This allows scientists to investigate how genes are expressed and how cells interact with each other with much greater detail than before.
This is a blog post for a series of posts on marker gene identification using machine learning methods. Read the previous posts: logistic regression and partial least square regression.
This blog post will explore the tree based method: random forest and boost trees (gradient boost tree/XGboost). I highly recommend going through https://app.learney.me/maps/StatQuest for related sections by Josh Starmer. Note, all the tree based methods can be used to do both classification and regression.
There are so many public datasets there waiting for us to mine! It is the blessing and cursing as a computational biologist!
Metadata, or the data describing (e.g., responder or non-responder for the treatment) the data are critical in interpreting the analysis. Without metadata, your data are useless.
People usually go to GEO or ENA to download public data. I asked this question on twitter, and I will show you how to get the metadata as suggested by all the awesome tweeps.
This is going to be a really short blog post. I recently found that if I join two tables with one of the tables having duplicated rows, the final joined table also contains the duplicated rows. It could be the expected behavior for others but I want to make a note here for myself.
library(tidyverse) df1<- tibble(key = c("A", "B", "C", "D", "E"), value = 1:5) df1 ## # A tibble: 5 x 2 ## key value ## <chr> <int> ## 1 A 1 ## 2 B 2 ## 3 C 3 ## 4 D 4 ## 5 E 5 dataframe 2 has two identical rows for B.
I asked this question on Twitter:
what test to test if two distributions are different? I am aware of KS test. When n is large (which is common in genomic studies), the p-value is always significant. better to test against an effect size? how to do it in this context?
In genomics studies, it is very common to have large N (e.g., the number of introns, promoters in the genome, number of cells in the single-cell studies).
It is very common to see in the scRNAseq papers that the authors compare cell type abundance across groups (e.g., treatment vs control, responder vs non-responder).
Let’s create some dummy data.
library(tidyverse) set.seed(23) # we have 6 treatment samples and 6 control samples, 3 clusters A,B,C # but in the treatment samples, cluster C is absent (0 cells) in sample7 sample_id<- c(paste0("sample", 1:6, "_control", rep(c("_A","_B","_C"),each = 6)), paste0("sample", 8:12, "_treatment", rep(c("_A","_B", "_C"), each = 5))) sample_id<- c(sample_id, "sample7_treatment_A", "sample7_treatment_B") cell_id<- paste0("cell", 1:20000) cell_df<- tibble::tibble(sample_id = sample(sample_id, size = length(cell_id), replace = TRUE), cell_id = cell_id) %>% tidyr::separate(sample_id, into = c("sample_id", "group", "clusterid"), sep= "") cell_num<- cell_df %>% group_by(group, cluster_id, sample_id)%>% summarize(n=n()) cell_num ## # A tibble: 35 x 4 ## # Groups: group, cluster_id [6] ## group cluster_id sample_id n ## <chr> <chr> <chr> <int> ## 1 control A sample1 551 ## 2 control A sample2 546 ## 3 control A sample3 544 ## 4 control A sample4 585 ## 5 control A sample5 588 ## 6 control A sample6 542 ## 7 control B sample1 550 ## 8 control B sample2 562 ## 9 control B sample3 574 ## 10 control B sample4 563 ## # … with 25 more rows total_cells<- cell_df %>% group_by(sample_id) %>% summarise(total = n()) total_cells ## # A tibble: 12 x 2 ## sample_id total ## <chr> <int> ## 1 sample1 1673 ## 2 sample10 1713 ## 3 sample11 1691 ## 4 sample12 1696 ## 5 sample2 1633 ## 6 sample3 1700 ## 7 sample4 1711 ## 8 sample5 1768 ## 9 sample6 1727 ## 10 sample7 1225 ## 11 sample8 1720 ## 12 sample9 1743 join the two dataframe to get percentage of cells per cluster per sample
Seurat is great for scRNAseq analysis and it provides many easy-to-use ggplot2 wrappers for visualization. However, this brings the cost of flexibility. For example, In FeaturePlot, one can specify multiple genes and also split.by to further split to multiple the conditions in the meta.data. If split.by is not NULL, the ncol is ignored so you can not arrange the grid.
This is best to understand with an example.
library(dplyr) library(Seurat) library(patchwork) library(ggplot2) # Load the PBMC dataset pbmc.
I am taking this STATE-80 course from Harvard Extension School. This course teaches commonly used distributions and probability theory. The instructor Hatch is a really good teacher and he uses simulation for all the demonstrations along with the formulas.
In week 6, we revisited the Monty Hall problem which we played on the first day of class.
If you have not heard about it, I quoted from the wiki:
Suppose you’re on a game show, and you’re given the choice of three doors: Behind one door is a car; behind the others, goats.